Psychoanalytical Approach to Family Counseling Essay Example for Free

Psychoanalytical Approach to Family focusing EssayWhether angiotensin converting enzyme is advised of it or non, we exclusively squander our respective worldviews. The way we view lifespan in general and our flak to it is the worldview that control and guide us in any determination that we ask in the way we cope pressures, and even so as we celebrate and enjoy good days. Since on a cross worldview a individual stands or falls, it is very burning(prenominal) to regularly check and evaluate ones philosophy of life. If I ordain be asked the question Which philosophy is the surpass philosophy? The best answer that I place come down up with is, Of course, the philosophy that encourages intellectual development. Christianity is a religion that has been comp atomic number 18d, every now and then, to galore(postnominal) philosophical persuasions and nigh of the time, it was either mixed with some other worldviews which were totally strange to it, or the propon ents of other strange worldviews have attempted to enjoin Christianity to their philosophy, which inevitably have resulted in confusion and intellectual duplicity in unmarrieds who view and experiment into this game (Cheung, 2007, p. 34). For generations, people in opposite civilizations have give way witnesses of how their fellows advocated multiple philosophical disciplines.In fact, instantly, if one would just observe closely, some hold a conflate of various article of faiths that got rooted and accumulated for years in the family via environ kind conditioning. The by-product of this kind of influence is an individual who cope through and through the varying situations and circumstances of life with the competence of a chameleon. This kind of approach will not properly help in the development and growth of a soulfulness as he or she wades his/her way through college. Contrary to the perception of umpteen, the Biblical Worldview is the one philosophy that encourages the pursuit of true up knowledge.It, in fact, com populaceds the engagement of the intellect in the pursuit and exploration of true scientific studies. What precipitated the period of discernment? Was it not when people were hungry for the Truth (Shelley, 1982, p. 55)? And these are periods in the history of gentlemans gentlemankind when the Biblical Worldview was world brought to the fore of societys endeavors. If at that place are two philosophies that developed naturally from one to another, they are Judaism and Christianity. The flow of growth from beginning to consummation is dis limited in the Old and the virgin Testament of the script (Escalona, 2008, p.87). B. Literature review The Extent of Usefulness of the possibleness A survey in literature reveals that there is little evidence so far in studies that deliberately seek to retard the efficacies of psychodynamic approach in comparison with any of the other approaches in the treatment of abnormal bearing. A few whi ch came come out of the closet, in particular one research looked into the applicability of treatment in anorexia and binge-eating syndrome cases which utilized the psychodynamic model and other models much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cognitive orientation treatment. Results of the experiment by Bachar et al (1999, p.67) showed confident(p) outcomes where this particular approach was used. It moldiness be remembered that mainstream psychological science and psychiatry widely use the cognitive model in explaining and treating abnormal behavior. In the controlled, randomized show by Bachar and team members however, the research highlighted the efficacy of psychodynamic approach in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia dis secerns. opposite studies however show that healers usually employ a conspiracy of cognitive and psychodynamic approaches or an integrative method in the psychological treatments and encumbrances (Kasl-Godley, 2000, p.92). Many of the cases today then, supp ort this view rather than a private method in an efficacious treatment of many of these kind and emotional diseases. The disadvantages of the psychodynamic approach in many of the studies done based on a using this as a one method is that of the unpatterned difficulty of precise measurements on the treatment procedure itself. The approach usually is limited by whether it move be exactly replicated. Specifically, one other limitation or disadvantage is that the cause of phenomena (i. e. , symptom substation) cannot be located.In addition, another setback is that not all individuals can be hypnotized when using hypnosis in the therapy especially (Kaplan, 1994, p. 431). Reference Bachar, Eytan, Yael Latzer,Shulamit Kreitler, Elliot Berry 1999. Empirical comparison of two psychological therapies Self Psychology and cognitive Orientation in the treatment of Anorezia and Bulimia. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. American Psychiatric Association 8115-128, Freud, Sigmun d. 1901 1990. The psychopathology of everyday life. New York. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. Halonen, JS and JW Santrock, 1996.Psychology Contexts of Behavior, Dubuque, IA embrown and Benchmark, p. 810. Hilgard, ER, RR Atkinson, and RC Atkinson 1983. excogitation to Psychology. 7th ed. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanich, Inc. Hurlok, E. B. 1964. babe Development. New York Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry Behaviroal Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. Kasl-Godley, Julia 2000. Psychosocial intervention for individuals with dementia An desegregation of surmisal, therapy, and a clinical understanding of dementia.Clinical Psychological Review. Vol. 20(6). Leahey, B. B. 1995. Psychology An Introduction. Iowa WCB Brown and Benchmark. Rathus, S. A. 1990. Psychology 4th ed. Or destroyo Fl. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Sdorow, L. M. 1995. Psychology, 3rd ed. Dubuque, IAWCB Bro wn and Benchmark Publishers Santrock, J. W. 2000. Psychology. New York McGraw-Hill. ________ Models of freakishness http//intranet1. sutcol. ac. uk888/NEC/MATERIAL/PDFS/PSYCHO/ASPSYCHO/23U2_T5. PDF Part II. Integration Section A. Introduction Nowhere is counseling more relevant than the conditions and dilemmas faced by man today.The Bible mentions most the the fears that encounter kinds then during the early days, and which will be fuck offd as well as time draws to a close. Jeremiah 178 implies about the kind of fear which some if not many, will succumb when passionateness comes (RSV). This illustrates as well that the stressful days are but natural to ones creation an affliction to origination born into a fallen world. Ephesians 2 is even more clear what befalls on a person who is dead in trespasses and sins (KJV) he is subject to the dictates of a world system (v. 2a, KJV), beingness in the clutches of the evil spirit (v. 2b, KJV), and awaits the anger that God has on them (v.3, KJV). All these may locate any individual to a life of anxiety, depression, wrongful habits ((v. 3, KJV), substance abuse and other addictions that definitely specify the deterioration of overall mental and physical health. The functioning therefore of any person may be compromised and taxed to the limits, producing individuals who are abusive and getting abused. When not operating in optimal condition, man is sure to experience what psychology tends to diagnose and label as malfunctioning and maladjusted at worst, the evidence of mental institutions pull throughence except shows how this truth has long been spoken about in the Bible.Hence, the Bible becoming more relevant, and a theologically and scientifically trained counselor is even more directed these days. In the line of counselling, the primary coil considerations that those in the field who are practicing directly or indirectly have something to do with the previously held belief system, or the worldview or philosophy behind the capriciousness of human behaviour. This goes to say that one who ventures into the ancestry of ameliorate and curing emotions and psychological lines must get into a thorough understanding of his/her personal approach to the study of human behaviour.The counselor seeks to explain human nature, the issue of sin or prbably emphasizing or step-down the Scriptural mandate and Gods verdict (whichever side he/she is on), and which eventually dictates intervention strategies, if any. It is even bold as to say that counseling in whatever front is basically ghost same(p) in nature because in the end, what is upheld or emphasized by the counselor expresses deep-rooted philosophy or religious beliefs.The paper thus seeks to present a personal understanding of how practice in counseling is believed to be done considering the personal qualities, depth and reallyizations of Biblical truths (this is pre-eminent), and many of the nitty-gritty concepts that comprise the practice of counseling in ones context. Being in contemporary America, with the recent economic meltdown that leave many surprised and shocked of the reduction of most of their economic capabilities to barely the minimum, being relevant as a counselor is not only a necessity, but it is the very important ingredient to helping many survive with their mental faculties intact.Therefore, this paper makes bold assumptions about human nature in general, how this is addressed in various situations that the average man will be meeting, and how growth (which is interpreted as a positive direction the individual will take) in all areas of his existence may take place. B. Psychoanalytic therapy lead figures Primary importance is given into the development of one of the most influential disciplines in the world today and that is psychology. This is due to the fact that psychology seemed almost starting signal off in virtually every kind of decision making process that man makes.Because of this serious biblical ministers and/or scholars or theologians have long analyze these effects and have come up with their answers and with their verdict. A Brief History of Modern Psychology by Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr. (2006, p. 23) starts to trace the roots of psychology when Wundt, in 1879, initiated what is now recognized as the first psychology laboratory. The author Benjamin satisfies the reader on what made the psychology today a very untold pursued subject of interest as well as a career.Tackling on the lives of the people foremost in this discipline, the book made an otherwise boring and usually uninteresting subject matter into an kindle topic any student will be equal to handle. The author mentioned details of the pioneers lives and the social surroundings that characterized their lives and culture during their day which in all realistic evaluation had made its contribution to what their abstractive perspectives had developed. Other important highlights include the dev elopment of psychological tests and assessment techniques that Stanford and Binet spearheaded among others.The following narrative on one of psychologys key players and foremost in what is now known as the first tug in the field gives the reader the importance of their contribution to cotemporary psychology (Benjamin, 2006, p. 76). -Freud, Sigmund Viennese neurologist, undercoater of analysis (1856-1939) took his medical degree at the University of Vienna in 1881 and planned a specialists career in neurology. pretermit of means forced him to abandon his research interests for a clinical career.His interest in what was to become psychoanalysis developed during his collaboration with Josef Breuer in 1884, which resulted in Studies in Hysteria, The Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1900, Three Contributions to the Theory of shake in 1905, and the General Introduction to Psychoanalysis in 1916 a book which contained the evolving conjecture of the libido and the unconscious(p )ness, in concomitant years, Freuds outlook became increasingly broad as revealed by the titles of his later works (Benjamin, 2006, p. 54).C. Psychoanalytic Theory The psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a possible action to explain reputation and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and unconscious struggles within person. These usually involve conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological replete(predicate)s, for example, for food, depend upon or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society.Not all those who take a Psychodynamic approach accept all of Freuds original ideas, but most would view normal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. This paper attempts to distinguish itself in stressful to not only understand the theory that Freud pioneered and po lished by some of his faithful followers but especially determine the extent of its usefulness in explaining and treating abnormal behavior.. It is the aim of the author to present in precis a description and explanation of the psychodynamic approach and its usefulness in the context of abnormal behavior (Kaplan, 1994, p.657). To interpret the theoretical framework of Freud in the context of the Christian religion or Biblical Christianity is internal in order to discover whether their fundamental teachings can mix well in mainstream Christianity. Freud taught about the character produces of id, ego and superego about free association, dispositions (life and death) his very controversial psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital the fixation and cathexis concepts. In general this is a theory of personality dynamics which is aimed at the motivational and emotional components of personality.It sounds good that fit in to Freud, man inherits the life and death instincts (libido and mortido). In the Biblical perspective, however, all these concepts are traceable to the sinful nature which all human species have inherited from the first couple Adam and Eve. In some portions of the Biblical record (Roman 512), Adam is said to be the federal head and from him has proceeded both sinful nature, which is inherent in all men, and death which is the Falls eventual outcome.The Bible highlights sin as the main problem of all of the manifestations of abnormality as reflected or manifested in the psyche or human behavior (Bobgan, 1987, p. 543). This theory discounts religions Gods pre-eminence, sovereignty and will, and active role in a persons life. It also discounts mans ultimate accountability before an almighty God. Moreover, it discounts many of the fundamentals that the Bible teaches, like sin and repentance, just Freuds other followers propounded (Bobgan, 1987, p. 544). Fundamentally, environment is not to be blamed.Nothing could be more accu rate than stating it in exactly the same manner that the Apostle has echoed the true earth of affairs. It is somehow true to say, Its all up in the take heed. People violate neighbors because first they have violated the laws of God. And so, In the futility of their mind, having their understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart who, being past feeling, have given themselves over to lewdness, to work all uncleanness with greediness (Eph.417-19). As daily news in the headlines air everyday, and practically speaking, people have made it their daily business to work driven by greed, never minding what they leave behind in their wake. Because the fight has long been upset which is in the level of consciousness everyone now is at the mercy of chance, relationally, in this world. And it goes both ways. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have thei r psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists.From simple childishness developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freuds camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994, p. 76, 98, 456). I. The Psychodynamic concepts A. Theory of Instincts Libido, Narcissism, Instincts and Pleasure Reality Principles. Freud employed libido to denote to that force by which the sexual instinct is represented in the mind. This concept is quite crude or raw in its form and then this refers far more than coitus.Narcissism was developed by Freud as his explanation of people who happened to have illogical libido and found that in the pre-occupation of the self or the ego, like in the cases of dementia praecox or schizophrenia. Persons afflicted with this mental illness appeared to have been reserved or withdrawing from other people or objects. This led Freud to conclude that a loss of contact with reality is usually common among such patients. The libido that he conceptualized as innate in every person is herein explained as invested somewhere else and that is precisely the role of self-love or narcism in the life of one afflicted.The occurrence of narcissism is not only among people with psychoses but also with what he calls neurotic persons or in normal people especially when undergoing conditions such as a physical disease or sleep. Freud explains further that narcissism exists already at birth hence, one can expect realistically that newborn babies are wholly narcissistic (Sdorow, 1995, p. 67). Freud classified instincts into different distinguishing dimensions namely ego instincts, aggression, and life and death instincts.Ego instincts are the self-preservative cheeks within the person, while aggression is a separate construct or structure of the mind which is not a part of the self-preservative nature of the human mind. Its source is found in the muscles while its objective is destructi on. Life and death instincts called Eros and Thanatos are forces within the person that pulls in opposite directions. Death instinct is a more powerful force than life instinct (Rathus, 1988, p. 55). The pleasure and reality principles are distinct ideas that help understand the other aspects of Freuds theory.The latter is by and large a learned function and important in postponing the need to satisfy the self (Sdorow, 1995, p. 98). B. Topographical theory of the mind Much like real physical mapping or description of a land area, the topographical theory appeared as attempt to designate areas of the mind into regions the unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious. The Unconscious mind is shrouded in riddle (Kaplan, 1994). It is the repository of repressed ideas, experiences and/or affects that are primary considerations when the person is in therapy or treatment.It contains biological instincts such as sex and aggression. Some unconscious urges cannot be experienced conscious ly because mental images and words could not portray them all in their color and fury. Other unconscious urges may be kept on a lower floor the surface by repression. It is recognized as inaccessible to consciousness but can become conscious by means of the preconscious. Its content is confined to aspirationes seeking fulfilment and may provide the motive force for the formation of dream and neurotic symptoms.In other words, unconscious forces represent wishes, desires or thoughts, that, because of their disturbing or threatening content, we automatically repress and cannot voluntarily access (Santrock, 2000, p. 43). The Preconscious is a region of the mind which is not born(p) but developed only when childhood stage is beginning to emerge. The preconscious mind contains elements of experience that presently out of awareness but are made conscious simply by focusing on them. Freud tagged the region that poked through into the light of awareness as the Conscious part of the mind.Co nscious thoughts are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment. It is closely related in understanding as that of the electronic organ of attention operating with the preconscious. With attention the individual is able to perceive extraneous stimuli. However, Freud theorized that our conscious thoughts are only a small part of our total mental activity, much of which involves unconscious thoughts or forces (Leahey, 1995, p. 433). C. Structural Theory of the MindFreud conceptualized the mind into what is called as triple provinces equivalent to its functions the id, ego and superego. The id is that aspect which only looks forward to gratifying any of its desires and without any delay. The ego is the structure of the mind which begins to develop during the first year of life, largely because a childs demands for gratification cannot all be met immediately. The ego stands for reason out and good sense (Freud, 1901, p. 22), for rational way s of coping with frustrations.It curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are compatible with social convention so that a person can find gratification yet avert the censure of others. In secern to the ids pleasure, the ego follows the reality principle. The reality principle has a policy of satisfying a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). The superego develops passim early childhood, usually incorporating the moral standards and value of parents and important members of the community through identification.The superego holds forth shining examples of an sample self and also acts like the conscience, an internal moral guardian. Throughout life, the superego monitors the intentions of the ego and hands out belief of right and wrong. It floods the ego with feelings of guilt and shame when the verdict is negative (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). As children learn that they must follow rules and regulations in s atisfying their wishes, they develop a superego. The superego, which is Freuds third division of the mind, develops from the ego during early childhood (Hurlock, 196, p.66). Through interactions with the parents or caregivers, a child develops a superego by taking on or incorporating the parents or caregivers standards, values, and rules. The superegos power is in making the person feel guilty if the rules are discovered the pleasure-seeking, id wants to exclude feeling guilty. It is motivated to listen to the superego as a moral guardian or conscience that is trying to control the ids wishes and impulses (Hilgard, et al, 1979).From the Freudian perspective, a healthy personality has found ways to gratify most of the ids demands without seriously offending the superego. Most of the ids remaining demands are contained or repressed. If the ego is not a good problem solver or if the superego is too stern, the ego will have a hard time of it (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). D. Therapeutic goals Sigmund Freud offered a psychoanalytic viewpoint on the diagnosis and understanding of a persons mental health. Other perspectives, the behavioristic paradigm offers to see this in a different light.The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in determining future behavior and in explaining and understanding current based on past behavior. Basing on his personality constructs of the Id, Ego and the Superego, Freud sees a mentally healthy person as possessing what he calls Ego strength. On the other hand, the behavior therapist sees a person as a learner in his environment, with the brain as his primary organ of survival and vehicle for acquiring his social functioning.With this paradigm, mental health is a result of the environments impact on the person he learns to fear or to be happy and therein lies the important key in understanding a persons mental state. Considering that the achievement and maintenance of mental health is one of the pursuits of psychology, the following is a brief outline of what psychologists would endorse a healthy lifestyle. The individual must consider each of the following and incorporate these in his/her day to day affairs 1. The medical checkup doctors viewpoint well-being emphasis than the illness model2. The Spiritual viewpoint- a lively spiritual growth must be on check. 3. The Psychologists viewpoint- emotional and relationship factors in balance. 4. The nutritionists viewpoint putting nutrition and health as top priority. 5. The Fitness Experts viewpoint- Exercise as part of a daily regimen. The theory I have in mind then is an union of several approaches, primarily the integration of the Christian worldview and the theories set forth by Cognitive-behaviorists and psychoanalytic models, and biological/physical continuum.There are other good models but a lot of reasons exist why they cannot be good enough a lot depends on my own personality. Being reliable to who you are, your passion, is effectively communicated across an audience whether it is a negative or positive one. The basic way of doing the amalgamation or integration is that the Christian worldview takes precedence over the rest of the approaches. Although many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter.It is understood then, that I thoroughly examined each of the theory and set them against the backdrop of spirituality. Interpreting a problem that a guest suffers for instance, entails that the theoretical viewpoint that I am convinced with, has go against chances of properly understanding the maladjustments that the client had been suffering. To come up with the balanced worldview (an integration in other words), the balance between the realms mentioned, including the true frame of human individuals and the true nature of God (or theology) are properly considered.Thoroughly accepting the fact that there is no contest between the natural and the spiritual only that troubles arise when one realm is overemphasized at the cost of another. This thin line or slight tension between the two levels is best expressed in the personhood of Jesus Christ, who was a perfect man as well as God. If we start to equate ourselves with that notion (which is usually happening) and we start to think that we are balanced, then we surely lack understanding or real self-awareness of the fact that we are deeply and seriously out of balance and this is one reason why we need help. What are your general goals in therapy? Christian counseling admittedly embraces in reality, a basic integration of the biblical precepts on the view of man and psychologys scientific breakthroughs in addressing the dilemmas that beset human individuals. Depending on the persuasion of the practitioner, especially whether he or she comes from either the purely theological or profane preparation, Christian counseling can either lean to certain degrees of theology or psychology. According to Larry Crabb, If psychology offers insights which will sharpen our counseling skills and increase our effectiveness, we want to know them.If all problems are at upshot spiritual matters we dont want to neglect the critically necessary resources available through the passkey by a wrong emphasis on psychological theory (Crabb in Anderson et al, 2000). Dr. Crabbs position certainly ensures that science in particular, has its place in counseling in as much as theology does. He made sure that all means are addressed as the counselor approaches his profession, especially in the actual conduction of both the diagnostic and remedial or intervention phases (Crabb in Anderson et al., 2000). Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved ones attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic madness (Teller et al, 2006).The acute crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006). In the integrated or eclectic approach the goal of the therapy is not just relief to the patient or client.Although an immediate relief is very helpful , this may not always be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned in the antecede pages is to provide long-term reduction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The management then is not unachievable but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications.It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviorist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue will be accommodated and implemented based on the chosen t reatment modalities fit with the therapeutic approach utilized.It may be a single modality based on a single approach (e. g. , learning principles and desensitization for a patient with specific phobias) or it maybe a combination of many modalities (CBT, Rogerian, Phenomenological, or Family systems) (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). E. Summary Every theoretical approach has its own assumptions. In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness.They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms. These assumptions are There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation. Personality growth is driven by conflict an d resolving anxieties. Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms (Source Models of abnormality, National flank College Trust, Ltd). The goals of treatment here include to alleviate patient of the symptoms is to uncover and work through unconscious conflict.The task of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the unconscious conscious to the patient (Models of abnormality, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. Reference Corey, Gerald, 2004. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA. Corey, Gerald. 2001. The Art of Integrative Counseling.Article 29 Designing an Integrative Approach to Counseling Practice Retrieved whitethorn 9, 2009 in http//counselingoutfitters. com/vistas/vistas04/29. pdf Crabb, Larry, 2000. Found in Ande rson et al resource. Christ-centered therapy. http//books. google. com/books? id=Rn-f2zL01ZwCpg=PA11lpg=PA11dq=effective+biblical+counseling+by+larry+crabb+critiquesource=webots=WFVYLIqP1nsig=MqIhqE_XfGzIQODAKV5iMPjqz14PPA19,M1 Davison, Gerald C. and John M. Neale. 2001. Abnormal Psychology. Eighth ed. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Ellis, Albert 2001.Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr. 2006. A brief history of Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell 1 edition. Bobgan, Martin Deidre. 1987. Psychology Science or Religion? From Psychoheresy The psychological seduction of Christianity. Eastgate Publishers. Retrieved May 6, 2009. http//www. rapidnet. com/jbeard/bdm/Psychology/psych. htm Boring, Edwin G. et. al. 1948. Foundat